Hadron Collider Physics: Present and Future Chris Quigg Theoretical Physics Department Fermi National Accelerator La bora tory quigg@fnal.gov Opening Remarks Hadron Colliders|the Why and .. … How Expectations for Run II of the Tevatron Collider Aspirations for Tevatron Run III The Opportunity of the LHC Beyond the LHC? Inventing Our Futures Fora more expansive view of what is to come, see\Physics Opportunities in Fermilab’sFutures,”from my Wine&Cheese Seminar at Fermilab, 15 January 1999, available in PDF form or ingzipped …

Why HadronColliders? Make availablea rich diversity of elementary processes at the highest accessible energies. To study quark-quark collisions at p s=1 TeV: If three quarks share half the proton’smomentum (hxi=1 6 ), we requirepp collisions at p s=6 TeV. How to achieve? Fixed-target machine with beam momentum p 2 104 TeV=21016 eV, (cf. highest-energy cosmic rays). Ring radius is r= 10 3 p 1TeV = B 1tesla km: Conventional copper magnets (B=2 teslas) r 1 3 105 km: 1 12 size of Moo n’sorbit 10-teslaeldreduces the accelerator to mere Earth size (R=6: 4103 km). Pheno’99 C. Quigg, \Hadron Collider Physics”… Fermi’sDreamMachine (1954) 5000-Te Vprotonstoreach p s 3TeV 2-tesla magnets ataradiusof 8000 km Projected operation 1994, cost$170 billion (inflation assumptions not preserved) No technological innovations! Pheno’99 C. Quigg, \Hadron Collider Physics” 3 New Technology Telescopes The development of new strategies for reaching higher energies has parallels in the development of new tools for optical astronomy. The 2.5-mTelescopeon Mount Wilson, with a mirror made of plateglass, was the largest in the world for 30 years. The invention of Pyrex in the 1930smade practical the casting of a 5-mmirrorforthe Hale Telescope on Mount Pa lomar, where observations began in 1949. Telescopes built over the next four decades|except the 6-m telescope on Mount Pastukhov in the Caucasus, commissioned in 1976|all were substantially smaller. Recent innovations have broken the 5-mbarrier. Multiple-mirror telescopes, with effective apertures much larger than can be obtained with a single mirror. Active optics, embodied in the idea of the\rubber telescope”that corrects its figure in real time to respond to variations in the density of the column of air above it. Segmented mirrors, in whichamosaicof mirrors of manageable size is positioned under microprocessor control. New fabrication methods that promise large, lightweight mirrors shaped in a spinning oven, like a potter’swheel, and mirrors with nonspherical surfaces, made by the technique of stressed-mirror polishing. Open-air telescopes that minimize aberrations caused by temperature gradients within the protective tube of traditional instruments. The two 10-mKeckTelescopes, each made of 36 hexagonal segments1.8 macross, commissioned (1993,1996) in Hawaii. Pheno’99 C. Quigg, \Hadron Collider Physics” 4 Key Advances in Accelerator Technology The idea of colliding beams. Alternating-gradient (\strong”) focusing, invented by Christolos, Courant, Livingston, and Snyder. Before and After … Synchrotron Beam Tube Magnet Size Bevatron (6: 2GeV=c)1 ft 4ft 91 2 ft 201 2 ft Main Ring (400 GeV=c) 2in 4in14in25 in LHC (7 TeV=c)56 mm Superconducting accelerator magnets. We owe to materials scientists the discovery of practical\type-II” superconductors, including the NbTiusedinall superconducting machines to date, and the brittle Nb 3 Sn, which may ndusein special applications. The superconducting cable used in accelerator magnets has roots in pioneering work carried out at the Rutherford Laboratory, and essential early steps in the development of robust magnet structures were taken at Fermilab. Applied Superconductivity Center at UW{M ….

Download Hadron Collider Physics: Present and Future.pdf